| Editor's Introduction | xi |
| Preface | xiii |
| 1. INTRODUCTION | 3 |
| 1.1 The Second Scientific Revolution 1800-1950 | 3 |
| 1.2 Books for Beginners | 21 |
| 1.3 Resources for Instructors and Advanced Students | 32 |
| 1.4 The Sixteenth- to Eighteenth-Century Background for Modern Science | 46 |
| 2. EVOLUTION | 50 |
| 2.1 History of the Earth | 50 |
| 2.2 Life Science before Darwin | 60 |
| 2.3 Origin and Early Development of Darwin's Theory | 68 |
| 2.4 Reception of The Origin of Species | 77 |
| 2.5 Human Evolution | 87 |
| 3. EVOLUTION OF RACES AND CULTURES | 103 |
| 3.1 Race Theories in Europe | 103 |
| 3.2 Evolution and Racism in the United States | 105 |
| 3.3 "Social Darwinism" and Eugenics | 109 |
| 3.4 Anthropology: The Transition from Evolutionism to Relativism | 115 |
| 4. GENDER AND GENETICS | 118 |
| 4.1 Nineteenth-Century Views of Sex Differences | 118 |
| 4.2 Margaret Mead and the Anthropology of Women | 123 |
| 4.3 Mendel | 128 |
| 4.4 Chromosome Basis of Sex | 132 |
| 4.5 The Gene from Morgan to Watson and Crick | 134 |
| 4.6 The "Synthetic Theory of Evolution" | 149 |
| 4.7 The Creation-Evolution Controversy | 159 |
| 5. FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS | 164 |
| 5.1 Psychiatry and the Unconscious before Freud | 164 |
| 5.2 Freud and His Theory | 167 |
| 5.3 Growth of Psychoanalysis: Followers and Competitors | 172 |
| 5 4 Freudian and Neo-Freudian Theories about Women | 175 |
| 5.5 Is Psychoanalysis a Scientific Theory? | 179 |
| 6. BEHAVIOR AND INTELLIGENCE | 183 |
| 6.1 American Psychology in 1900 | 183 |
| 6.2 Watson's Behaviorism | 188 |
| 6 3 Skinner's Behaviorism | 192 |
| 6 4 Early Attempts to Measure Intelligence | 196 |
| 6.5 Terman's IQ Test | 199 |
| 6.6 Psychology of Genius and the Mind of the Scientist | 204 |
| 6 7 Masculine and Feminine Thinking: Women in Science | 206 |
| 6.8 Heredity versus Environment and the Race-IQ Controversy | 211 |
| 7. ATOMS, ENERGY, AND STATISTICS | 217 |
| 7.1 Chemical Atomic Theory | 217 |
| 7.2 Energy and the Kinetic Worldview | 225 |
| 7.3 Entropy, Time, and Chance | 234 |
| 7.4 The Reaction against Mechanism and Atomism | 242 |
| 7.5 Mathematics: Statistics, Series, and Sets | 245 |
| 8. ELECTROMAGNETISM AND RELATIVITY | 250 |
| 8.1 Faraday | 250 |
| 8.2 Beginnings of Electrical Technology | 255 |
| 8.3 The Nature of Light and the Maxwellian Synthesis | 262 |
| 8.4 Electromagnetic Waves | 268 |
| 8.5 Einstein and the Ether | 271 |
| 8.6 Special Theory of Relativity | 279 |
| 8.7 General Theory of Relativity | 286 |
| 9. ATOMIC STRUCTURE | 293 |
| 9.1 The Electron | 293 |
| 9.2 Radioactivity and Nuclear Transmutation, 1895-1930 | 298 |
| 9.3 Spectroscopy and Black-Body Radiation | 305 |
| 9.4 Max Planck and the Origin of Quantum Theory | 311 |
| 9.5 The Bohr Atom | 317 |
| 9.6 Wave Mechanics | 322 |
| 9.7 Properties of Matter | 330 |
| 10. THE EXPLOSION OF PHYSICS | 343 |
| 10.1 Constructing the Nucleus | 343 |
| 10.2 Smashing the Nucleus | 350 |
| 10.3 Science and Politics after the Bomb | 364 |
| 10.4 Elementary Particles | 377 |
| 11. PHLOSOPHICAL AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES | 389 |
| 11.1 Philosophy of Science before 1914 | 389 |
| 11.2 Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics | 398 |
| 11.3 Mathematical Knowledge | 416 |
| 11.4 Physics and Twentieth-Century Culture | 426 |
| 11.5 Philosophy of Science in the Twentieth Century | 433 |
| 11.6 The Sociology of Science | 441 |
| 12. ASTRONOMY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY | 452 |
| 12.1 William Herschel and New Directions in Astronomy circa 1800 | 452 |
| 12.2 Quantitative Measurements on Stars: Bessel and Doppler | 459 |
| 12.3 The Rise of Astronomy in America | 465 |
| 12.4 History of the Solar System | 479 |
| 13. ASTRONOMY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY | 487 |
| 13.1 Nebulae and the Expanding Universe | 487 |
| 13.2 Stellar Evolution | 493 |
| 13.3 Cosmology | 512 |
| Book List | 531 |
| Subject Index | 543 |