Editor's Introduction |
xi |
Preface |
xiii |
|
1. INTRODUCTION |
3 |
1.1 The Second Scientific Revolution 1800-1950 |
3 |
1.2 Books for Beginners |
21 |
1.3 Resources for Instructors and Advanced Students |
32 |
1.4 The Sixteenth- to Eighteenth-Century Background for Modern Science |
46 |
|
2. EVOLUTION |
50 |
2.1 History of the Earth |
50 |
2.2 Life Science before Darwin |
60 |
2.3 Origin and Early Development of Darwin's Theory |
68 |
2.4 Reception of The Origin of Species |
77 |
2.5 Human Evolution |
87 |
|
3. EVOLUTION OF RACES AND CULTURES |
103 |
3.1 Race Theories in Europe |
103 |
3.2 Evolution and Racism in the United States |
105 |
3.3 "Social Darwinism" and Eugenics |
109 |
3.4 Anthropology: The Transition from Evolutionism to Relativism |
115 |
|
4. GENDER AND GENETICS |
118 |
4.1 Nineteenth-Century Views of Sex Differences |
118 |
4.2 Margaret Mead and the Anthropology of Women |
123 |
4.3 Mendel |
128 |
4.4 Chromosome Basis of Sex |
132 |
4.5 The Gene from Morgan to Watson and Crick |
134 |
4.6 The "Synthetic Theory of Evolution" |
149 |
4.7 The Creation-Evolution Controversy |
159 |
|
5. FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS |
164 |
5.1 Psychiatry and the Unconscious before Freud |
164 |
5.2 Freud and His Theory |
167 |
5.3 Growth of Psychoanalysis: Followers and Competitors |
172 |
5 4 Freudian and Neo-Freudian Theories about Women |
175 |
5.5 Is Psychoanalysis a Scientific Theory? |
179 |
|
6. BEHAVIOR AND INTELLIGENCE |
183 |
6.1 American Psychology in 1900 |
183 |
6.2 Watson's Behaviorism |
188 |
6 3 Skinner's Behaviorism |
192 |
6 4 Early Attempts to Measure Intelligence |
196 |
6.5 Terman's IQ Test |
199 |
6.6 Psychology of Genius and the Mind of the Scientist |
204 |
6 7 Masculine and Feminine Thinking: Women in Science |
206 |
6.8 Heredity versus Environment and the Race-IQ Controversy |
211 |
|
7. ATOMS, ENERGY, AND STATISTICS |
217 |
7.1 Chemical Atomic Theory |
217 |
7.2 Energy and the Kinetic Worldview |
225 |
7.3 Entropy, Time, and Chance |
234 |
7.4 The Reaction against Mechanism and Atomism |
242 |
7.5 Mathematics: Statistics, Series, and Sets |
245 |
|
8. ELECTROMAGNETISM AND RELATIVITY |
250 |
8.1 Faraday |
250 |
8.2 Beginnings of Electrical Technology |
255 |
8.3 The Nature of Light and the Maxwellian Synthesis |
262 |
8.4 Electromagnetic Waves |
268 |
8.5 Einstein and the Ether |
271 |
8.6 Special Theory of Relativity |
279 |
8.7 General Theory of Relativity |
286 |
|
9. ATOMIC STRUCTURE |
293 |
9.1 The Electron |
293 |
9.2 Radioactivity and Nuclear Transmutation, 1895-1930 |
298 |
9.3 Spectroscopy and Black-Body Radiation |
305 |
9.4 Max Planck and the Origin of Quantum Theory |
311 |
9.5 The Bohr Atom |
317 |
9.6 Wave Mechanics |
322 |
9.7 Properties of Matter |
330 |
|
10. THE EXPLOSION OF PHYSICS |
343 |
10.1 Constructing the Nucleus |
343 |
10.2 Smashing the Nucleus |
350 |
10.3 Science and Politics after the Bomb |
364 |
10.4 Elementary Particles |
377 |
|
11. PHLOSOPHICAL AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES |
389 |
11.1 Philosophy of Science before 1914 |
389 |
11.2 Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics |
398 |
11.3 Mathematical Knowledge |
416 |
11.4 Physics and Twentieth-Century Culture |
426 |
11.5 Philosophy of Science in the Twentieth Century |
433 |
11.6 The Sociology of Science |
441 |
|
12. ASTRONOMY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY |
452 |
12.1 William Herschel and New Directions in Astronomy circa 1800 |
452 |
12.2 Quantitative Measurements on Stars: Bessel and Doppler |
459 |
12.3 The Rise of Astronomy in America |
465 |
12.4 History of the Solar System |
479 |
|
13. ASTRONOMY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY |
487 |
13.1 Nebulae and the Expanding Universe |
487 |
13.2 Stellar Evolution |
493 |
13.3 Cosmology |
512 |
|
Book List |
531 |
Subject Index |
543 |