| NSES Content Standard B
Physical Science: Chemical reactions Grades 9-12, page 179 Chemical reactions can take place in time periods ranging from the few
femtoseconds (10-15 seconds) required for an atom
to move a fraction of a chemical bond distance to geologic time scales
of billions of years. Reaction rates depend on how often the reacting atoms
and molecules encounter one another, on the temperature, and on the properties--including
shape--of the reacting species.
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Benchmark 4D The Physical Setting: Structure
of Matter
Grades 9-12, page 80
The rate of reactions among atoms and molecules depends on how often
they encounter one another, which is affected by the concentration, pressure,
and temperature of the reacting materials. Some atoms and molecules are
highly effective in encouraging the interaction of others.
Science for All Americans Common Themes
Chapter 11, page 179
The ranges of magnitudes in our universe-sizes, durations, speeds,
and so on-are immense. Many of the discoveries of physical science are
virtually incomprehensible to us because they involve phenomena on scales
far removed from human experience. We can measure, say, the speed of light,
the distance to the nearest stars, the number of stars in the galaxy, and
the age of the sun, but these magnitudes are far greater than we can comprehend
intuitively. In the other direction, we can determine the size of atoms,
their vast numbers, and how quickly interactions among them occur, but
these extremes also exceed our powers of intuitive comprehension. Our limited
perceptions and information-processing capacities simply cannot handle
the whole range. Nevertheless, we can represent such magnitudes in abstract
mathematical terms (for example, billions of billions) and seek relationships
among them that make sense.