NSES Content Standard B
Physical Science: Structure and properties of matter
Grades 9-12, page 179
Solids, liquids, and gases differ in the distances and angles between
molecules or atoms and therefore the energy that binds them together. In
solids the structure is nearly rigid; in liquids molecules or atoms move
around each other but do not move apart; and in gases molecules or atoms
move almost independently of each other and are mostly far apart.
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Benchmark 4D The Physical Setting: Structure
of Matter
Grades 6-8, page 78
Atoms and molecules are perpetually in motion. Increased temperature
means greater average energy of motion, so most substances expand when
heated. In solids, the atoms are closely locked in position and can only
vibrate. In liquids, the atoms or molecules have higher energy, are more
loosely connected, and can slide past one another; some molecules may get
enough energy to escape into a gas. In gases, the atoms or molecules have
still more energy and are free of one another except during occasional
collisions.