CHAPTER 6: THE HUMAN ORGANISM
A. HUMAN IDENTITY
K-2
People have different external features, such as
the size, shape, and color...
People need water, food, air, waste removal, and
a particular range...
People tend to live in families and communities in
which...
3-5
Unlike in human beings, behavior in insects and many
other species...
Human beings have made tools and machines to sense
and do things...
Artifacts and preserved remains provide some evidence
of the physical...
6-8
Like other animals, human beings have body systems
for obtaining...
Human beings have many similarities and differences.
The similarities...
Fossil evidence is consistent with the idea that
human beings evolved...
Specialized roles of individuals within other species
are genetically programmed...
Human beings use technology to match or excel many
of the abilities...
Technologies having to do with food production, sanitation...
9-12
The similarity of human DNA sequences and the resulting
similarity...
Written records and photographic and electronic devices
enable...
B. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
K-2
All animals have offspring, usually with two parents
involved. People...
A human baby grows inside its mother until its birth.
Even after birth...
3-5
It takes about 9 months for a human embryo to develop.
Embryos are...
Human beings live longer than most other animals,
but all living things die.
There is a usual sequence of physical and mental
development among...
People are usually able to have children before they
are able to care...
6-8
Fertilization occurs when sperm cells from a male's
testes are deposited...
Contraception measures may incapacitate sperm, block
their way to the egg...
Following fertilization, cell division produces a
small cluster of cells that...
The developing embryo--and later the newborn infant--encounters...
Various body changes occur as adults age. Muscles
and joints become...
9-12
As successive generations of an embryo's cells form
by division...
Using artificial means to prevent or facilitate pregnancy
raises questions...
The very long period of human development (compared
to that of other...
The development and use of technologies to maintain,
prolong, sustain...
C. BASIC FUNCTIONS
K-2
The human body has parts that help it seek, find,
and take in food...
Senses can warn individuals about danger; muscles
help them to fight...
The brain enables human beings to think and sends
messages to other...
3-5
From food, people obtain energy and materials for
body repair...
By breathing, people take in the oxygen they need
to live.
Skin protects the body from harmful substances and
other...
The brain gets signals from all parts of the body
telling what is going...
6-8
Organs and organ systems are composed of cells and
help to provide...
For the body to use food for energy and building
materials, the food...
To burn food for the release of energy stored in
it, oxygen must be supplied...
Specialized cells and the molecules they produce
identify and destroy...
Hormones are chemicals from glands that affect other
body parts...
Interactions among the senses, nerves, and brain
make possible the learning...
9-12
The immune system is designed to protect against
microscopic organisms...
The nervous system works by electrochemical signals...
Communication between cells is required to coordinate
their diverse activities...
Reproduction is necessary for the survival of any
species. Sexual behavior...
D. LEARNING
K-2
People use their senses to find out about their surroundings
and themselves...
Some of the things people do, like playing soccer,
reading, and writing...
People can learn from each other by telling and listening,
showing and watching...
3-5
Human beings have different interests, motivations,
skills, and talents....
Human beings can use the memory of their past experiences
to make...
Many skills can be practiced until they become automatic.
If the right...
Human beings tend to repeat behaviors that feel good
or have pleasant...
Learning means using what one already knows to make
sense out of new...
6-8
Some animal species are limited to a repertoire of
genetically...
The level of skill a person can reach in any particular
activity depends...
Human beings can detect a tremendous range of visual
and olfactory stimuli...
Attending closely to any one input of information
usually reduces...
Learning often results from two perceptions or actions
occurring at about...
Language and tools enable human beings to learn complicated
and varied...
9-12
Differences in the behavior of individuals arise
from the interaction...
The expectations, moods, and prior experiences of
human beings...
Human thinking involves the interaction of ideas,
and ideas about ideas...
E. PHYSICAL HEALTH
K-2
Eating a variety of healthful foods and getting enough
exercise and rest...
Some things people take into their bodies from the
environment...
Some diseases are caused by germs, some are not.
Diseases caused by germs...
3-5
Food provides energy and materials for growth and
repair of body parts...
Tobacco, alcohol, other drugs, and certain poisons
in the environment...
If germs are able to get inside one's body, they
may keep it from working...
There are some diseases that human beings can catch
only once...
6-8
The amount of food energy (calories) a person requires
varies with...
Toxic substances, some dietary habits, and some personal
behavior...
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites may infect
the human body...
White blood cells engulf invaders or produce antibodies
that attack them...
The environment may contain dangerous levels of substances
that...
9-12
Some allergic reactions are caused by the body's
immune responses...
Faulty genes can cause body parts or systems to work
poorly. Some genetic...
New medical techniques, efficient health care delivery
systems, improved...
Some viral diseases, such as AIDS, destroy critical
cells of the immune...
F. MENTAL HEALTH
K-2
People have many different feelings--sadness, joy,
anger, fear...
People react to personal problems in different ways.
Some ways are more...
Talking to someone (a friend, relative, teacher,
or counselor)...
3-5
Different individuals handle their feelings differently,
and sometimes...
Often human beings don't understand why others act
the way they do...
Physical health can affect people's emotional well-being
and vice versa.
One way to respond to a strong feeling, either pleasant
or unpleasant, is to think...
6-8
Individuals differ greatly in their ability to cope
with stressful situations...
Often people react to mental distress by denying
that they have any...
9-12
Stresses are especially difficult for children to
deal with and may have...
Biological abnormalities, such as brain injuries
or chemical imbalances...
Reactions of other people to an individual's emotional
disturbance may increase...
Human beings differ greatly in how they cope with
emotions and may...
Ideas about what constitutes good mental health and
proper treatment...
