NSES Content Standard A
Science as Inquiry: Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Grades 5-8, page 148
Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and predictions. Students
should develop the ability to listen to and respect the explanations proposed
by other students. They should remain open to and acknowledge different
ideas and explanations, be able to accept the skepticism of others and
consider alternative explanations.
NSES Content Standard E
Science and Technology: Abilities of technological design
Grades 5-8, page 165
Evaluate completed technological designs or products. Students should
use criteria relevant to the original purpose or need, consider a variety
of factors that might affect acceptability and suitability for intended
users or beneficiaries, and develop measures of quality with respect to
such criteria and factors; they should also suggest improvements and, for
their own products, try proposed modifications.
NSES Content Standard A
Science as Inquiry: Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Grades 9-12, page 175
Design and conduct scientific investigations. Designing and conducting
a scientific investigation requires introduction to the major concepts
in the area being investigated, proper equipment, safety precautions, assistance
with methodological problems, recommendations for use of technologies,
clarification of ideas that guide the inquiry, and scientific knowledge
obtained from sources other than the actual investigation. The investigation
may also require student clarification of the question, method, controls,
and variables; student organization and display of data; student revision
of methods and explanations; and a public presentation of the results with
a critical response from peers. Regardless of the scientific investigation
performed, students must use evidence, apply logic, and construct an argument
for their proposed explanations.
NSES Content Standard A
Science as Inquiry: Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Grades 9-12, page 175
Formulate and revise scientific explanations and models using logic
and evidence. Student inquiries should culminate in formulating an explanation
or model. Models should be physical, conceptual, and mathematical. In the
process of answering the questions, the students should engage in discussions
and arguments that result in the revision of their explanations. These
discussions should be based on scientific knowledge, the use of logic,
and evidence from their investigation.
NSES Content Standard A
Science as Inquiry: Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Grades 9-12, page 175
Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models. This aspect
of the standard emphasizes the critical abilities of analyzing an argument
by reviewing current scientific understanding, weighing the evidence, and
examining the logic so as to decide which explanations and models are best.
In other words, although there may be several plausible explanations, they
do not all have equal weight. Students should be able to use scientific
criteria to find the preferred explanations.
NSES Content Standard E
Science and Technology: Abilities of technological design
Grades 9-12, page 192
Propose designs and choose between alternative solutions. Students
should demonstrate thoughtful planning for a piece of technology or technique.
Students should be introduced to the roles of models and simulations in
these processes.
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