CHAPTER 10: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
A. DISPLACING THE EARTH FROM
THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE
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The motion of an object is always judged with respect
to some other...
Telescopes reveal that there are many more stars
in the night sky than...
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People perceive that the earth is large and stationary
and that all other...
Ptolemy, an Egyptian astronomer living in the second
century A.D.,...
In the 16th century, a Polish astronomer named Copernicus
suggested...
Johannes Kepler, a German astronomer who lived at
about the same...
Using the newly invented telescope to study the sky,
Galileo made...
Writing in Italian rather than in Latin (the language
of scholars at the...
B. UNITING THE HEAVENS AND EARTH
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Isaac Newton created a unified view of force and
motion in which...
Newton's system was based on the concepts of mass,
force, and...
The Newtonian model made it possible to account for
such diverse...
For several centuries, Newton's science was accepted
without major...
Although overtaken in the 20th century by Einstein's
relativity theory,...
C. RELATING MATTER & ENERGY
AND TIME & SPACE
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As a young man, Albert Einstein, a German scientist,
formulated the...
Among the surprising ideas of special relativity
is that nothing can...
The special theory of relativity is best known for
stating that any form...
General relativity theory pictures Newton's gravitational
force as a...
Many predictions from Einstein's theory of relativity
have been...
D. EXTENDING TIME
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Scientific evidence indicates that some rock near
the earth's surface is...
The idea that the earth might be vastly older than
most people believed...
In formulating and presenting his theory of biological
evolution,...
E. MOVING THE CONTINENTS
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The idea of continental drift was suggested by the
matching shapes of...
Early in the 20th century, Alfred Wegener, a German
scientist,...
The theory of plate tectonics was finally accepted
by the scientific...
F. UNDERSTANDING FIRE
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From the earliest times until now, people have believed
that even...
Today, scientists are still working out the details
of what the basic...
Experimental and theoretical work done by French
scientist Antoine...
Lavoisier's work was based on the idea that when
materials react with...
Alchemy was chiefly an effort to change base metals
like lead into gold...
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Lavoisier invented a whole new field of science based
on a theory of...
Lavoisier's system for naming substances and describing
their...
John Dalton's modernization of the ancient Greek
ideas of element,...
While the basic ideas of Lavoisier and Dalton have
survived, the...
G. SPLITTING THE ATOM
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The accidental discovery that minerals containing
uranium darken...
In their laboratory in France, Marie Curie and her
husband, Pierre...
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The Curies made radium available to researchers all
over the world,...
Ernest Rutherford of New Zealand and his colleagues
discovered that...
Later, Austrian and German scientists showed that
when uranium is...
A massive effort went into developing the technology
and building the...
Radioactivity has many uses other than generating
energy, including...
H. EXPLAINING THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE
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The scientific problem that led to the theory of
natural selection was...
Prior to Charles Darwin, the most widespread belief
was that all...
Darwin argued that only biologically inherited characteristics
could be...
The quick success of Darwin's book Origin of Species,
published in the...
After the publication of Origin of Species, biological
evolution was...
By the 20th century, most scientists had accepted
Darwin's basic idea....
I. DISCOVERING GERMS
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Throughout history, people have created explanations
for disease....
Pasteur wanted to find out what causes milk and wine
to spoil. He...
Pasteur found that infection by disease organisms--germs--caused
the...
Changes in health practices have resulted from the
acceptance of the...
In medicine, as in other fields of science, discoveries
are sometimes...
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J. HARNESSING POWER
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Until the 1800s, most manufacturing was done in homes,
using small,...
The invention of the steam engine was at the center
of the Industrial...
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The Industrial Revolution happened first in Great
Britain because that...
The Industrial Revolution increased the productivity
of each worker...
The Industrial Revolution is still underway as electric,
electronic, and...
