NSES Content Standard G
History and Nature of Science: Science as a human endeavor
Grades 5-8, page 170
Science requires different abilities, depending on such factors as
the field of study and type of inquiry. Science is very much a human endeavor,
and the work of science relies on basic human qualities, such as reasoning,
insight, energy, skill, and creativity--as well as on scientific habits
of mind, such as intellectual honesty, tolerance of ambiguity, skepticism,
and openness to new ideas.
NSES Content Standard A
Science as Inquiry: Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Grades 9-12, page 175
Design and conduct scientific investigations. Designing and conducting
a scientific investigation requires introduction to the major concepts
in the area being investigated, proper equipment, safety precautions, assistance
with methodological problems, recommendations for use of technologies,
clarification of ideas that guide the inquiry, and scientific knowledge
obtained from sources other than the actual investigation. The investigation
may also require student clarification of the question, method, controls,
and variables; student organization and display of data; student revision
of methods and explanations; and a public presentation of the results with
a critical response from peers. Regardless of the scientific investigation
performed, students must use evidence, apply logic, and construct an argument
for their proposed explanations.
NSES Content Standard A
Science as Inquiry: Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
Grades 9-12, page 175
Formulate and revise scientific explanations and models using logic
and evidence. Student inquiries should culminate in formulating an explanation
or model. Models should be physical, conceptual, and mathematical. In the
process of answering the questions, the students should engage in discussions
and arguments that result in the revision of their explanations. These
discussions should be based on scientific knowledge, the use of logic,
and evidence from their investigation.
NSES Content Standard A
Science as Inquiry: Understanding about scientific inquiry
Grades 9-12, page 175
Scientific explanations must adhere to criteria such as: a proposed
explanation must be logically consistent; it must abide by the rules of
evidence; it must be open to questions and possible modification; it must
be based on historical and current scientific knowledge.
NSES Content Standard A
Science as Inquiry: Understanding about scientific inquiry
Grades 9-12, page 175
Results of scientific inquiry--new knowledge and methods--emerge from
different types of investigations and public communication among scientists.
In communicating and defending the results of scientific inquiry, arguments
must be logical and demonstrate connections between natural phenomena,
investigations, and the historical body of scientific knowledge. In addition,
the methods and procedures that scientists used to obtain evidence must
be clearly reported to enhance opportunities for further investigation.
NSES Content Standard G
History and Nature of Science: Nature of scientific knowledge
Grades 9-12, page 201
Science distinguishes itself from other ways of knowing and from other
bodies of knowledge through the use of empirical standards, logical arguments,
and skepticism, as scientists strive for the best possible explanations
about the natural world.
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